摘要
肠道微生物群落构成复杂且动态的生态系统，与宿主健康形成紧密的共生关系。益生菌作为外源性功能微生物，其健康促进作用并非孤立发生，而是通过与肠道内固有共生菌群进行多维度、多层次的生态互作来实现。本文从生态学系统视角出发，系统性地综述了益生菌与肠道菌群之间的主要生态互作模式，包括资源竞争、空间位点竞争、协同共生、代谢交叉喂养以及群体感应介导的通讯调控等。深入探讨了这些微观生态过程如何共同影响和重塑肠道微生态系统的结构与功能稳态，并进一步阐明了由此产生的对宿主健康的宏观调节作用，具体涉及维持与恢复微生态平衡、增强肠道黏膜屏障完整性、精细调控免疫应答以及影响宿主能量与物质代谢等核心生理功能。最后，本文对当前研究面临的挑战进行了分析，并对未来基于生态学原理发展精准化、功能化及个性化益生菌干预策略的前景进行了展望。
关键词： 益生菌；肠道菌群；生态互作；微生态平衡；肠道屏障功能；免疫调节；代谢调控
Abstract
The intestinal microbial community constitutes a complex and dynamic ecosystem, forming a close symbiotic relationship with host health. Probiotics, as exogenous functional microorganisms, exert their health-promoting effects not in isolation but through multi-dimensional and multi-level ecological interactions with the indigenous commensal flora in the gut. From a systems ecology perspective, this paper systematically reviews the main ecological interaction patterns between probiotics and intestinal microbiota, including resource competition, spatial niche competition, synergistic symbiosis, metabolic cross-feeding, and quorum sensing-mediated communication regulation. It delves into how these microscopic ecological processes collectively influence and reshape the structure and functional homeostasis of the intestinal microecosystem. Furthermore, it elucidates the resulting macro-regulatory effects on host health, specifically covering core physiological functions such as maintaining and restoring microecological balance, enhancing intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, finely regulating immune responses, and influencing host energy and substance metabolism. Finally, the paper analyzes current research challenges and prospects the future development of precision, functional, and personalized probiotic intervention strategies based on ecological principles.
Key words： Probiotics; Gut microbiota; Ecological interactions; Microecological balance; Intestinal barrier function; Immunoregulation; Metabolic regulation
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